Evidence Alignment and Transfer Boundaries in Photocatalysis And Solar Fuels And Thermally Driven Carbon-Membrane Desalination

Abstract

A central challenge in photocatalysis and solar fuels and thermally driven carbon-membrane desalination is to compare studies whose mechanisms and validation settings do not share a single denominator. The present review uses a beta-FeOOH photo-Fenton platform that couples hydrogen evolution with pollutant degradation and a monolayer array of carbon nanotubes as nanoscale transport pores as focal cases for a boundary-aware synthesis. The analysis combines two focal publications with 12 previously verified sources and organizes the evidence around charge separation, active-site chemistry, reaction selectivity, materials stability, and reactor integration. Rather than pooling incompatible outcomes, it compares research questions, representations, controls, and validation envelopes. Across the evidence base, the decisive issue is alignment: charge separation shapes what is observed, active-site chemistry shapes how it is compared, and reactor integration governs whether the conclusion can be transferred. Uncertainty is most informative when reported as part of the result rather than treated as a postscript. On this basis, the review proposes an auditable pathway from focal mechanism to application claim, with explicit checkpoints for calibration, external validity, and responsible interpretation.